Matthew Parnitzke Essays (617 words) - Autodesk, Software

Matthew Parnitzke 2009 Orchard Place North Collins, New York 14111 (716) 548-2309 [emailprotected] CAREER OBJECTIVE: To enter the field of CADD and Architecture EDUCATION: North Collins Central High SchoolSeptember 2009 - June 2015 2045 School Street North Collins, NY 14111 Office: (716) 337-0101 Courses: English (Grades 9-11); Integrated Algebra; Geometry; Global History 1 and 2; US History; Economics; Government; Studio Art; Art Design; Earth Science; Living Environment; Environmental Science; French 1,2,3,4 and 5; Physical Education; Health; Yearbook Houghton CollegeSeptember 2015- June 2016 1 Willard Ave Houghton, NY 14744 Courses: BIBL 101- Biblical Literature, HIST 224- Latin American History since 1800, Principle of Statistics, Weight Training, THEL 232- Poverty, Wealth and the Christian Gospel, THEL- 310- Women, Men and the Image of God, PSY 111- Introduction to Psychology, WRIT 101- Writing in the Liberal Arts Erie Community CollegeSeptember 2016- Present 4041 Southwestern Blvd Orchard Park, NY 14127 Courses: DF-108 Tech. Graphics I/Autocad, CP-148 Basic Electricity, EN-110 English, DF-109 Tech. Graphics II/ Inventor, DF- 230 Intro. To Solidworks, DF- 235 Intro. To Pro Engineer, PH-190 Basic Physics, PH-191 Lab for PH190, DF-280-9B (49516) Descriptive Graphics, DF-282 Descriptive Graphics II, ME-114-0B (45436) Analytical Mechanics, DF-279-0B (44560) Systems Piping, EN-111-0I (44915) Comp Interp. of Lit, DF-222-9B (49515) 3-D Auto Cad Technical Education: W.D. Ormsby educational Center Erie-2 Chautauqua- Cattaraugus BOCES 1010 Center Street, East Aurora, New York, 14052 September 2013- June 2014 Erie Community College 4041 Southwestern Blvd Orchard Park, NY 14127 September 2016- Present Technical Education: Units of Study Geometric construction; Dimensioning; 3D Modeling; Scaling; Orthographic projection; Animation; Sketching; Mechanical drawing; Digital editing and painting; Technical Writing Software Skills: AutoCAD 2013-2018, SolidWorks 2013-2018, Adobe Photoshop 2011, Autodesk 3DS Max Design 2014, PTC Creo Parametric 3.0, Autodesk Inventor Professional 2016-2018, Microsoft Word 2010-2018, Microsoft Excel 2010-2018, and Microsoft PowerPoint 2010-2018 WORK EXPERIENCE: Aunt Millie's Family RestaurantFall 2014, 2016 Rout 5 20, Irving, NY 14081 (716) 432-0864 Responsibilities: Washing dishes, putting dishes away, busting tables, Prep. Cook, and deep fryer Village of North Collins DPWSummer 2016 Halley Rd, Brant, NY 14111 (716) 515-8926 Responsibilities: Picking up brush, Mowing the Village properties, black topping, plowing the sidewalks, water control McGard, LLC. Summer 2017 - Present 3875 California Rd, Orchard Park, NY 14127 (716) 662-6744 Responsibilities: Drafting Engineer: creating drawings, reverse engineering products, 3D printing test products INTERNSHIPS: Astronics Corporation September of 2015 130 Commerce Way, East Aurora, NY 14052 ED Specialty Stands, Inc. November 2015 2081 Franklin St, North Collins, NY 14111 McGard, LLC May 2017 - Present 3875 California Rd, Orchard Park, NY 14127 ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS: Most Improved Player- Varsity Basketball Student Government Member VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE: ED Specialty Stands, Inc. Intern. November 2015 Astronics Corporation Intern. September of 2015 The Crop Walk, St. Johns St. Paul's Lutheran Fall of 2015-2017 Houghton College Horse Trails Jump Judge Fall of 2017 INTERESTS: Basketball, Soccer, Guitar, CADD, Skateboarding, Longboarding, Hiking, Long distance running, 3D Printers, Photography Matthew Parnitzke 2009 Orchard Place North Collins, New York 14111 (716) 548-2309 [emailprotected] REFERENCES: Name:Ronald Pasqualetti Address:1010 Center Road, East Aurora, New York, 14052 Phone Number:(716) 652-8250 ext. 5107 Fax:(716) 652-8250 E-Mail:[emailprotected] Position:CADD Instructor, Orsmby Center Years Known:4 Name:Mike Perry Address:Halley Road, North Collins, New York, 14111 Phone Number:(716) 570-5991 Fax:- E-Mail:none Position:Former Employer Years Known:1 Name:Chris Awald Address:2195 Shirley Rd, North Collins, NY 14111 Phone Number:(716) 337-2272 Fax:none E-Mail:none Position:Awald's Farm Owner Years Known:3

Taiwan Interesting Facts and History

Taiwan Interesting Facts and History The island of Taiwan floats in the South China Sea, just over one hundred miles from the coast of mainland China. Over the centuries, it has played an intriguing role in the history of East Asia, as a refuge, a mythical land, or a land of opportunity. Today, Taiwan labors under the burden of not being fully recognized diplomatically. Nonetheless, it has a booming economy and is now also a functioning capitalist democracy. Capital and Major Cities Capital: Taipei, population 2,635,766 (2011 data) Major Cities: New Taipei City, 3,903,700 Kaohsiung, 2,722,500 Taichung, 2,655,500 Tainan, 1,874,700 Taiwans Government Taiwan, formally the Republic of China, is a parliamentary democracy. Suffrage is universal for citizens 20 years old and older. The current head of state is President Ma Ying-jeou. Premier Sean Chen is the head of government and President of the unicameral legislature, known as the Legislative Yuan. The President appoints the Premier. The Legislature has 113 seats, including 6 set aside to represent Taiwans aboriginal population. Both executive and legislative members serve four-year terms. Taiwan also has a Judicial Yuan, which administers the courts. The highest court is the Council of Grand Justices; its 15 members are tasked with interpreting the constitution. There are lower courts with specific jurisdictions as well, including the Control Yuan which monitors corruption. Although Taiwan is a prosperous and fully-functioning democracy, it is not recognized diplomatically by many other nations. Only 25 states have full diplomatic relations with Taiwan, most of them small states in Oceania or Latin America because the Peoples Republic of China (mainland China) has long withdrawn its own diplomats from any nation that recognized Taiwan. The only European state that formally recognizes Taiwan is Vatican City. Population of Taiwan The total population of Taiwan is approximately 23.2 million as of 2011. Taiwans demographic make-up is extremely interesting, both in terms of history and ethnicity. Some 98% of the Taiwanese are ethnically Han Chinese, but their ancestors migrated to the island in several waves and speak different languages. Approximately 70% of the population are Hoklo, meaning that they are descended from Chinese immigrants from Southern Fujian who arrived in the 17th century. Another 15% are Hakka, descendants of migrants from central China, mainly Guangdong Province. The Hakka are supposed to have immigrated in five or six major waves beginning just after the reign of Qin Shihuangdi (246 - 210 BCE). In addition to the Hoklo and Hakka waves, a third group of mainland Chinese arrived in Taiwan after the Nationalist Guomindang (KMT) lost the Chinese Civil War to Mao Zedong and the Communists. Descendants of this third wave, which took place in 1949, are called waishengren and make up 12% of Taiwans total population. Finally, 2% of Taiwanese citizens are aboriginal people, divided into thirteen major ethnic groups. This is the Ami, Atayal, Bunun, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Sakizaya, Tao (or Yami), Thao, and Truku. Taiwanese aborigines are Austronesian, and DNA evidence suggests that Taiwan was the starting point for the peopling of the Pacific islands by Polynesian explorers. Languages The official language of Taiwan is Mandarin; however, the 70% of the population who are ethnic Hoklo speak the Hokkien dialect of Min Nan (Southern Min) Chinese as their mother tongue. Hokkien is not mutually intelligible with Cantonese or Mandarin. Most Hoklo people in Taiwan speak both Hokkien and Mandarin fluently. The Hakka people also have their own dialect of Chinese which is not mutually intelligible with Mandarin, Cantonese or Hokkien - the language is also called Hakka. Mandarin is the language of instruction in Taiwans schools, and most radio and TV programs are broadcast in the official language as well. The aboriginal Taiwanese have their own languages, though most can also speak Mandarin. These aboriginal languages belong to the Austronesian language family rather than the Sino-Tibetan family. Finally, some elderly Taiwanese speak Japanese, learned in school during the Japanese occupation (1895-1945), and do not understand Mandarin. Religion in Taiwan Taiwans constitution guarantees freedom of religion, and 93% of the population profess one faith or another. Most adhere to Buddhism, often in combination with the philosophies of Confucianism and/or Taoism. Approximately 4.5% of Taiwanese are Christians, including about 65% of Taiwans aboriginal people. There are a wide variety of other faiths represented by less than 1% of the population: Islam, Mormonism, Scientology, Bahai, Jehovahs Witnesses, Tenrikyo, Mahikari, Liism, etc. Taiwans Geography Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, is a large island about 180 kilometers (112 miles) off the coast of southeast China. It has a total area of 35,883 square kilometers (13,855 square miles). The western third of the island is flat and fertile, so the vast majority of Taiwans people live there. In contrast, the eastern two-thirds are rugged and mountainous, and hence much more sparsely populated. One of the most famous sites in eastern Taiwan is the Taroko National Park, with its landscape of peaks and gorges. The highest point in Taiwan is Yu Shan, 3,952 meters (12,966 feet) above sea level. The lowest point is sea level. Taiwan sits along the Pacific Ring of Fire, situated at a suture between the Yangtze, Okinawa and Philippine tectonic plates. As a result, it is seismically active; on September 21, 1999, a magnitude 7.3 earthquake hit the island, and smaller tremors are quite common. Climate of Taiwan Taiwan has a tropical climate, with a monsoonal rainy season from January through March. Summers are hot and humid. The average temperature in July is about 27 °C (81 °F), while in February the average drops to 15 °C (59 °F). Taiwan is a frequent target of Pacific typhoons. Taiwans Economy Taiwan is one of Asias Tiger Economies, along with Singapore, South Korea, and Hong Kong. After World War II, the island received a huge influx of cash when the fleeing KMT brought millions in gold and foreign currency from the mainlands treasury to Taipei. Today, Taiwan is a capitalist powerhouse  and a major exporter of electronics and other high-tech products. It had an estimated 5.2% growth rate in its GDP in 2011, despite the global economic downturn and weakened demand for consumer goods. Taiwans unemployment rate is 4.3% (2011), and a per capita GDP of $37,900 US. As of March 2012, $1 US 29.53 Taiwanese New Dollars. History of Taiwan Humans first settled the island of Taiwan as early as 30,000 years ago, although the identity of those first inhabitants is unclear. Around 2,000 BCE or earlier, farming people from the mainland of China immigrated to Taiwan. These farmers spoke an Austronesian language; their descendants today are called Taiwanese aboriginal people. Although many of them stayed in Taiwan, others continued on to populate the Pacific Islands, becoming the Polynesian peoples of Tahiti, Hawaii, New Zealand, Easter Island, etc. Waves of Han Chinese settlers arrived in Taiwan via the off-shore Penghu Islands, perhaps as early as 200 BCE. During the Three Kingdoms period, the emperor of Wu sent explorers to seek islands in the Pacific; they returned with thousands of captive aboriginal Taiwanese. The Wu decided that Taiwan was barbaric land, not worthy of joining the Sinocentric trade and tribute system. Larger numbers of Han Chinese began to come in the 13th and then again in the 16th centuries. Some accounts state that one or two ships from Admiral Zheng Hes first voyage might have visited Taiwan in 1405. European awareness of Taiwan began in 1544 when the Portuguese sighted the island and named it Ilha Formosa, beautiful island. In 1592, Toyotomi Hideyoshi of Japan sent an armada to take Taiwan, but the aboriginal Taiwanese fought the Japanese off. Dutch traders also established a fort on Tayouan in 1624, which they called Castle Zeelandia. This was an important way-station for the Dutch on their way to Tokugawa Japan, where they were the only Europeans allowed in to trade. The Spanish also occupied northern Taiwan from 1626 to 1642 but were driven off by the Dutch. In 1661-62, pro-Ming military forces fled to Taiwan to escape the Manchus, who had defeated the ethnic-Han Chinese Ming Dynasty in 1644 and were extending their control southward. The pro-Ming forces expelled the Dutch from Taiwan and set up the Kingdom of Tungnin on the southwest coast. This kingdom lasted just two decades, from 1662 to 1683, and was beset by tropical disease and a lack of food. In 1683, the Manchu Qing Dynasty destroyed the Tungnin fleet and conquered the renegade little kingdom. During the Qing annexation of Taiwan, different Han Chinese groups fought one another and the Taiwanese aborigines. Qing troops put down a serious rebellion on the island in 1732, driving the rebels to either assimilate or take refuge high in the mountains. Taiwan became a full province of Qing China in 1885 with Taipei as its capital. This Chinese move was precipitated in part by increasing Japanese interest in Taiwan. In 1871, the Paiwan aboriginal people of southern Taiwan captured fifty-four sailors who were stranded after their ship ran aground. The Paiwan beheaded all the shipwrecked crew, who were from the Japanese tributary state of the Ryukyu Islands. Japan demanded that Qing China compensate them for the incident. However, the Ryukyus were also a tributary of the Qing, so China rejected Japans claim. Japan reiterated the demand, and the Qing officials refused again, citing the wild and uncivilized nature of Taiwanese aborigines. In 1874, the Meiji government sent an expeditionary force of 3,000 to invade Taiwan; 543 of the Japanese died, but they managed to establish a presence on the island. They were not able to establish control of the entire island until the 1930s, however, and had to use chemical weapons and machine guns to subdue the aboriginal warriors. When Japan surrendered at the end of World War II, they signed control of Taiwan over to mainland China. However, since China was embroiled in the Chinese Civil War, the United States was supposed to serve as the primary occupying power in the immediate post-war period. Chiang Kai-sheks Nationalist government, the KMT, disputed American occupation rights in Taiwan and set up a Republic of China (ROC) government there in October of 1945. The Taiwanese greeted the Chinese as liberators from harsh Japanese rule, but the ROC soon proved corrupt and inept. When the KMT lost the Chinese Civil War to Mao Zedong and the Communists, the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan and based their government in Taipei. Chiang Kai-shek never relinquished his claim over mainland China; likewise, the Peoples Republic of China continued to claim sovereignty over Taiwan. The United States, preoccupied with the occupation of Japan, abandoned the KMT in Taiwan to its fate, fully expecting that the Communists would soon route the Nationalists from the island. When the Korean War broke out in 1950, however, the US changed its position on Taiwan; President Harry S Truman sent the American Seventh Fleet into the Straits between Taiwan and the mainland to prevent the island from falling to the Communists. The US has supported Taiwanese autonomy ever since. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Taiwan was under the authoritarian one-party rule of Chiang Kai-shek until his death in 1975. In 1971, the United Nations recognized the Peoples Republic of China as the proper holder of the Chinese seat in the UN (both the Security Council and the General Assembly). The Republic of China (Taiwan) was expelled. In 1975, Chiang Kai-sheks son, Chiang Ching-Kuo, succeeded his father. Taiwan received another diplomatic blow in 1979 when the United States withdrew its recognition from the Republic of China and instead recognized the Peoples Republic of China. Chiang Ching-Kuo gradually loosened his grip on absolute power during the 1980s, rescinding the state of martial law that had lasted since 1948. Meanwhile, Taiwans economy boomed on the strength of high-tech exports. The younger Chiang passed away in 1988, and further political and social liberalization led to the free election of Lee Teng-hui as president in 1996.

Influence of Sports Science Disciplines on Gymnastics Essay

Influence of Sports Science Disciplines on Gymnastics - Essay Example Gymnasts need to consider the issue or factor of rotation as one of the elements of the achievement of performance success in gymnastics. The success in gymnastics has a direct relationship to the ability of the gymnast or athlete to somersault, twist, and illustrate the potentiality of combing both elements.  Consequently, the ability and potentiality of the athlete to execute these actions is largely the function of the technique to generate or develop substantial and sufficient angular momentum in the course of the take-off. During this process, it is ideal to utilize or exploit the momentum conversation principle, while participating in the sporting activities. In addition, it is vital to utilize the essence that the ‘total’ angular momentum consists of the sum of the angular momentum in relation to success the segments of the athlete. Third, it is critical for the athlete to exploit the potentiality of the angular momentum to reflect the product of the moment in r elation to inertia, as well as the angular velocity. Proper application of these ‘facts’ are essential for the achievement of success by gymnasts. The approaches or application of the facts enable gymnasts to enhance their abilities in the course of generating twists while transferring the angular momentum from one body part or axis to another. Similarly, the gymnasts have the ability and potentiality to increase, as well as decrease the rate of rotation with reference to the alteration of the body configuration.

HIV pandemic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HIV pandemic - Essay Example As such, the prevalence of the HIV epidemic continues to traverse across all quarters of the globe although the burden of the epidemic varies considerably between regions and countries. The worst hit region in the world is Sub-Saharan Africa whereby nearly one in every 20 adults is living with HIV, accounting for 71% of people living with HIV across the globe (Sidibà ©, Zuniga and Montaner 6). I am exploring this epidemic of HIV because I want to sensitize people on the prevalence of the disease, as well as assist in instituting significant changes that might bring down the afore-mentioned statistics. HIV and AIDS is not a killer disease as purported across various platforms, but a preventable and manageable health condition that people can live with and still fulfill all their dreams, goals and aspirations in life (Bahcall 1159). HIV refers to Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome mostly known as AIDS. As such, when this virus infects a person, he or she gets weak and loses ability to fight other opportunistic infections including even cancer. Many people who have the HIV virus end up testing positive for AIDS after developing other opportunistic infections, especially after their immunity levels drop. As such, having the HIV virus does not always means that one has AIDS (Dodds 790). However, a person can live as many years as possible with this virus before developing AIDS. HIV and AIDS are not curable diseases. As such, due to increase on research and medication available today, it is possible for a person to live a normal life with minimal interruption in quality of life. HIV normally attacks and destroys the CD4 white blood cells commonly known as the T-cell whose main function is to fight diseases in the body. As such, when the immune system of T-cells reduces to a very low point, one loses the ability to fight infections in his or her body. However, several conditions arise for patients infected

Soc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soc - Essay Example I once attended a celebration of a Chinese new year which they call Kung Hei Fat Choi which is really a different celebration of New Year from my culture. For one, the celebration was replete with firecrackers and loud noises in their belief to scare away bad omens. They also had a dragon dance which they believe to bring good luck and rounded foods. This type of celebration is considered alien to me because we do not do dragon dance in celebrating New Year nor prepare round foods. To explain my seeming alienation about Chinese New Year, I would like to bring about George Herbert Mead’s social psychological theory of relation among the mind that not all factors in my environment can influence how I think. I belong to _____(your primary group) as my primary group and ____(your formal organization) as my formal organization. I am basically comfortable with my primary group albeit it has no formal structure where other people of the group, including myself are just enjoying each other’s company. The formal group on the other hand is more structured and has an objective why it exists. It reflects the normative organization because there are rules that are expected to follow where its members are expected to conform. In the primary group, my status varies since the structure is informal. Sometimes I am the leader and opinion maker sometimes I am the follower depending on the situation. In the formal organization however, my status is labeled as a member because I am not an officer of that club. At the end of the game, I belonged to the middle class because I had enough property to sustain me in the game. The game basically made me realized that if you make enough investment early in the game, you will end up rich because when other players step into your property, they have to pay rent and this accumulates as the game goes. Having enough resources in the game made me realized that it will enable the player to

Significance of The Newport Sex Scandal, 1919

Significance of The Newport Sex Scandal, 1919 â€Å"Homosexuality is incompatible with military service† reads the first sentence of the Department of Defence Directive (1332.14)[1]. Exploring this statement through events such as the Newport Sex Scandal of 1919, we can determine whether this idea was plausible or simply a stigmatised generalisation on sexuality. This scandal follows the specific persecution of homosexuals in the Navy, in particular focusing on the Newport naval base. Many found themselves caught up in the controversy, including none other than president-to-be Franklin Delano Roosevelt. What effects did this have on FDR’s future political career and his reputation as a whole? But also, how did the scandal help to concrete or redefine opinions on homosexuality and a homosexuals place in the navy? In 1919, at the naval base located at Newport, â€Å"a sailor with an ear for gossip and a hatred for homosexuals†[2] would spark a scandal surrounding the ill-moral persecution of ‘gays’. Under direct order – and arguably behaving in an agentic rather than autonomous state – naval soldiers would entrap local homosexuals, both within the neighbouring communities and the navy quarters itself. The aim was to engage in sexual gratification, namely by â€Å"accepting oral sex to completion†[3], in order to collect evidence against these men and provide a solid ground for the claim that homosexuality was spreading contagiously in Newport. After just three weeks of following out these orders â€Å"seventeen sailors were charged with sodomy and scandalous behaviour†[4]. However, the results of this ‘private’ and seemingly illegitimate investigation were not expected. Instead of shedding light on the supposed dangers homosexuality placed on the military and local community, the investigation found itself scandalised. The public alongside the media hit back at the investigation, claiming it was morally wrong to force naval soldiers to carry out such acts in this play of entrapment. Though, it seems that the penalties for this soured investigation were of no real weight with many of the players left to fade out of the scandal keeping their reputations intact. One of the main key players, Franklin Delano Roosevelt came under attack as a result of his involvement with the scandal, yet still he went on to become President of the United States. Just what role he played in the scandal is debated. As a result of â€Å"Navy Secretary Josephus Daniel’s absence†[5], Assistant Secretary of the Navy FDR was left to act in Daniel’s place. As a result many believe that it was with FDR’s backing and approval that the investigation made its way to the civilian population, at which point it moved from a â€Å"military matter to a public relations disaster†[6]. Seen as vital to the proceedings of the investigation FDR had â€Å"authorised an independent effort to expose and expel the homosexual†[7]. The word ‘expel’ highlighting that this was an attempt to rid the navy of a group of people seen by officials as alien and unsuited to the military forces. Additionally, it is claimed that FDR had agreed t hat the investigation needed to take place with the â€Å"aim of prosecuting those individuals responsible for the spread of degeneracy†[8]. Again, the word ‘degeneracy’ showing the threat homosexuals are perceived to hold in society, with degeneracy referring to the regression to a lower form of being. FDR continued to assert throughout the investigation that â€Å"he had not known of the tactics used in Newport†[9] claiming that the methods that were used in the investigation â€Å"were nothing he had time or inclination to oversee†[10]. However, despite FDR’s inclination to avoid involvement both the public and Congressional Investigation Committee failed to believe him. John Loughery claims that ‘few people believed [FDR] when the entrapment scandal broke’[11]. The report into the scandal claimed that FDR â€Å"must have realized that †¦ [navy] men had allowed lewd and immoral acts to be performed upon them†[12]. However, the scandal was not kept quiet by the Committee. Instead it had â€Å"blazed in headlines across America†[13] bringing FDR and other â€Å"prominent civilians, such as the Reverend Samuel Neal Kent†[14] to the public’s attention. Though the details of the scandal were often to crude and lurid to print – for example the New York Times stated â€Å"details unprintable†[15] regarding one case study – the media fire surrounding the scandal still blazed on a national scale. The Providence Journal was a prime text that helped to feed the fire with publisher John Rathom doing his best to â€Å"inflame public opinion†[16] in a paper that was already hugely â€Å"antagonistic to Secretary Daniels and the Wilson administration†.[17] Rathom would continue to attack FDR during his early political career. Yet, despite the width of coverage and the depth of criticism of the scandal and those involved, it seems that FDR got off with n othing more severe than a slap of the wrist. The Congressional Investigation Committee resulted in Daniels and FDR being rebuked, ‘sharply’ criticised for their behaviour. This was neither here nor there for FDR who had left his naval post in â€Å"July 1920 [†¦] accepting the Democratic Party’s nomination for vice-president†[18]. Despite FDR’s physical removal from the navy, the scandal was still criticised with the New York Times headline of July 1921 (a year after FDR left his post) reading ‘Charges of Immorally Employing Men’[19]. Note that the sympathy here is for the soldiers who had to suffer the ‘immoral acts’ as opposed to the treatment and entrapment of homosexuals. This lack of sympathy for the homosexual could be a result of many factors. At the time of the Newport sex scandal any physical relationship or act between men was considered a crime with the â€Å"perpetrators considered criminal perverts†[20]. Despite there not being any specific legislation or regulations in place at the time, this did not â€Å"prevent the U.S military from policing sexual conduct†[21]. In fact, perhaps the Newport Sex Scandal of 1919 holds significance due to it being one of the first â€Å"systematic attempts to purge†[22] homosexuals in the military. However, the term ‘homosexual’ was not in general use during this time, the term itself had only come into being in the late nineteenth century amongst the psychiatric profession. More colloquial terms were used away from the professionalism of the psychiatric institutions. Instead, during the scandal we see words like â€Å"cocksuckers and rectum receivers†[23] displaying both the lack of use of the term homosexual, and also the hatred felt for this group of people. The sense of hatred towards homosexuals can be seen in terms of everyday life and also in the wider context of the war. â€Å"Homosexuals had always served in the armed forces†[24] but the problem came when their sexuality was brought to light. Newport had a â€Å"notorious homosexual population†[25] in 1919, with these overtly flamboyant resident sailors calling themselves â€Å"the Ladies of Newport†[26]. Often wearing ladies clothing and calling themselves by women’s names, these men and their alter-ego’s seemed threatening with locals feeling â€Å"in danger of being morally corrupted†[27]. In a wider context, homosexuals seemed to pose a threat not just to locals but to the community at large. It seemed that a â€Å"non-procreative population was in the very process of appearing during the war: [as] homosexuals were entering the public discourse†[28]. Both locally and nationally homosexuality was become a symbol for degeneracy in several spheres. Homosexuality found itself to be central in a Venn diagram consisting of society, psychiatry, the military and even the law in terms of its relationship with degeneracy. Therefore due to their status homosexuals involved in the scandal suffered a much heavier fate then their entrappers. The majority of homosexuals that were caught as a result of the scandal were imprisoned, however it appears that all those entrapped were released and â€Å"allowed to resume their civilian lives†[29] by the 1920’s. Yet their punishment did not stop there, the entrapped found themselves casted out of their society and were left to find their way to a new life bound to the stigmatised label of ‘homosexual’. It is clear the â€Å"the source of outrage against the operation was that good sailors were being force to commit immoral acts [†¦] and were made ‘perverts by official order’†[30], the fate of the homosexual posed no real conce rn. The scandal poses a wider significance due its association with World War I, or as it was then known ‘The Great War’. It is almost inevitable to look at The Newport Sex Scandal in isolation while it sits so close to the end of the War, in fact it was only a few months after signing the armistice that FDR found himself in an embarrassing position over Newport. There seemed to be a â€Å"desire in the years immediately after World War I to excise from American society elements seen as unhealthy or impure†[31] such as the influence of homosexuals in both the navy and society. The Newport Sex Scandal reflects this desire in its illegitimate proceedings and moral negligence, this idea of ‘whatever it takes’. For many U.S citizens and exemplaries, World War I had â€Å"promised to do more [†¦] their hope was that national virility would be reaffirmed and domestic uncertainties put to rest†[32]. Yet, it seemed that the war didn’t offer the se condolences to the American nation. Instead it heightened the distinction between groups of society and pressed for harsher procedures and legislation against those that were deemed outsiders. Of course, this segregation and categorisation was emphasised further still by the growing influence of the psychiatric profession at the time which had seen itself move from the arts to the sciences at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, this act of persecution against specific groups in society was not native to Newport. The Newport Scandal was joined by an increase in other radical groups and ideas of the time. It appeared that the post-war era saw â€Å"heightened anti-Catholicism, the revitalization of the Ku Klux Klan, and, not coincidentally, increased lynching and demands to limit immigration†[33]. More specifically, an earlier scandal in 1912 at Portland had seen prominent citizens arrested due to involvement â€Å"in a sex ring at the local YMCA†[34]. The American nation was following ideas of natural selection and degeneracy into a world of stigmatisation, seclusion and discrimination. The Newport Sex Scandal of 1919 was just one small scale aspect of this new world, and the almost dismissal (with regards to lack of punishment) of the authorities involvement shows just how easy it was to get away with such persecutions. The Newport Sex Scandal of 1919 seemed to only hold short-term significance for FDR himself, with the report only being made public after the 1920 election in which he found himself elected vice-president. During this campaign Rathom (publisher of the Providence Journal) continued to â€Å"accuse Roosevelt of mishandling allegations of sex crimes in the navy†[35]. The scandal did not seem to damage FDR’s reputation extensively, though at the time he â€Å"came to be held responsible for the very thing he had sought to prevent: the homosexualisation of the U.S Navy†[36]. While the scandal continued to unfold during FDR’s early political career he won in the long run, capturing the Presidency thirteen years later in 1932. Throughout his time as President of the U.S he held â€Å"relatively stable approval ratings†[37] hovering around the 50-60% mark and winning four elections in succession for his party. He would find himself â€Å"remembered among t he most influential Americans†[38]. But, FDR’s success came partly as a result of the manipulation of the military system by which the officers were protected and their reputations kept in-tact. It can be argued that â€Å"never was adequate punishment meted out to those who perpetrated the campaign†[39] as all those who held authority in the scandal including FDR – had their involvement played down. Perhaps, then, the long-term significance of this scandal can be found in its place in the history of homosexuality. As a result of the reports surrounding the investigation into the Newport Sex Scandal, â€Å"many learned for the first time of a homosexual community in America†[40]. It seemed that the scandal was one of the first to unfold the real extent and reach of the homosexual community. It seemed that â€Å"almost nothing was known about gay life in America before Newport†[41]. At the beginning of the century it seemed that the assumptions made about gay life in America had been â€Å"governed by the concept of the ‘closet’ and related notions of invisibility†[42]. But how were these assumptions changed by the Newport Scandal? As a result of events such as The Newport Scandal in context with the War, homosexuality came to be seen as a â€Å"model for decitizenship†[43]. The Newport Sex Scandal of 1919 was – as Lawrence Murphy claims â€Å"the most extensive systematic persecution of gays in American History†[44]. However this persecution of gays had been occurring since the Revolutionary War with homosexuality being â€Å"grounds for exclusion and discharge from the U.S Military†[45] right up until the ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ policies were introduced. But, what makes the Newport Scandal so important is the publicity it held on a national scale. The richness of the scandals documentation has also proven significant in the â€Å"understanding and development of sexual identity, the course of homophobia and the urgent mainstream wish to ignore gay presence in American society†[46]. The scandal also holds significance in its contribution to legisla tion surrounding the homosexual. While it wasn’t until World War II that specific legislation was introduced, after this we see the emergence of lesbian and gay movements in which â€Å"military policy became the subject of both protest and legal change†[47]. However, despite its contribution to the development of the homosexual â€Å"the Newport Scandal, [remains] largely forgotten†[48]. Minus the occasional play such as David Foleys 2012 production ‘A Hole in the Fence’[49], which is surprisingly a comedy based on the Newport Sex Scandal, it seemed that the media coverage and interest faded rather quickly. By the time FDR reached his presidency in 1932 it seemed that the â€Å"Newport men and their sexually active entrappers, including Roosevelt’s part in the affair were ancient history.†[50] FDR walked out of the scandal seemingly un-tarnished and would go on to become more popular than ever before in the public eye. Bibliography Primary Sources Gallup Poll, ‘Franklin D. Roosevelt Approval Ratings’, [accessed 7 December 2013] http://www.gallup.com/poll/8608/reflections-presidential-job-approval-reelection-odds.aspx David Foley Plays, ‘A Hole in the Fence, [accessed 10 December 2014 ] http://davidfoleyplays.com/fence Books John Brennan, Ghosts of Newport: Spirits, Scoundrels, Legends and Lore, (Charleston: The History Press, 2007). Andy Hughes, A History of Political Scandals: Sex, Sleaze and Spin, (Britain: Pen Sword Books LTD, 2013). Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2008). John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, (New York: Henry Holt and Company Inc., 1998). Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by official Order: The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy, (New York: Haworth Press, 1988). Articles Tarak Barkawi, Christopher Dandeker, Melissa Wells-Pentry and Elizabeth Kier, ‘Rights and Fights: Sexual Orientation and Military Effectiveness’, International Security, Vol.24 (The MIT Press, 1999). Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, American Quarterly VOl.44, (U.S, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992). Lawrence R. Murphy, ‘Cleaning up Newport: The U.S Navy’s persecution of Homosexuals After World War I ‘, (Journal of American Culture, Vol.7, Issue 3, 1984). Websites Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’, January 2008, [accessed 7 December 2014]. http://web.archive.org/web/20080122100424/http://www.projo.com/news/content/gay_history_newport_sidebar_01-20-08_HH7RMQV_v42.1676c8f.html [1] Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2008), p. 301. [2] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’, January 2008, [accessed 7 December 2014]. http://web.archive.org/web/20080122100424/http://www.projo.com/news/content/gay_history_newport_sidebar_01-20-08_HH7RMQV_v42.1676c8f.html [3] Ibid. [4] Andy Hughes, A History of Political Scandals: Sex, Sleaze and Spin, (Britain: Pen Sword Books LTD, 2013), p.71. [5] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, (New York: Henry Holt and Company Inc., 1998), p. 7. [6] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [7] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, American Quarterly VOl.44, (U.S, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 32. [8] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 7. [9] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [10] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 7. [11] Ibid, p. 7. [12] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, The Providence Journal , ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [13] Ibid. [14] Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, p. 300. [15] John Brennan, Ghosts of Newport: Spirits, Scoundrels, Legends and Lore, (Charleston: The History Press, 2007), p. 106. [16] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 11. [17] Ibid, p. 11. [18] Andy Hughes, A History of Political Scandals: Sex, Sleaze and Spin, p. 71. [19] Ibid, p. 71. [20] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [21] Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, p. 300. [22] Ibid, p. 300. [23] Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by official Order: The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy, (New York: Haworth Press, 1988), p. 25. [24] Tarak Barkawi, Christopher Dandeker, Melissa Wells-Pentry and Elizabeth Kier, ‘Rights and Fights: Sexual Orientation and Military Effectiveness’, International Security, Vol.24 (The MIT Press, 1999), p. 181. [25] John Brennan, Ghosts of Newport: Spirits, Scoundrels, Legends and Lore, p. 106. [26] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 5. [27] Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, p. 300. [28] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p.31. [29] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 13. [30] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p.32. [31] Lawrence R. Murphy, ‘Cleaning up Newport: The U.S Navy’s persecution of Homosexuals After World War I ‘, (Journal of American Culture, Vol.7, Issue 3, 1984) p.57. [32] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 4. [33] Lawrence R. Murphy, ‘Cleaning up Newport: The U.S Navy’s persecution of Homosexuals After World War I, p.57. [34] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 5. [35] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [36] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p.33. [37] Gallup Poll, ‘Franklin D. Roosevelt Approval Ratings’, [accessed 7 December 2013] http://www.gallup.com/poll/8608/reflections-presidential-job-approval-reelection-odds.aspx [38] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [39] Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by official Order: The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy, p. 2. [40] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p.33. [41] Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by official Order: The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy, p. 284. [42] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p.14. [43] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p. 32. [44] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p. 32. [45] Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, p.299. [46] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p.3. [47] Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, p.299. [48] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [49] David Foley Plays, ‘A Hole in the Fence, [accessed 10 December 2014 ] http://davidfoleyplays.com/fence [50] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 12.

Iron Increases Heart Disease :: essays research papers

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) has afflicted man throughout history. Diet and hereditary factors obviously are the key components in developing this condition. Foods high in cholesterol and saturated fats are often implicated in hastening or aggravating heart disease. Many disease states such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension have also been shown to increase a persons chances for CAD. Heart disease usually affects persons over age 60, but can be seen in people who are much younger for various reasons. This disease remains the number one cause of hospitalization and death in the adult population in western society (McCance and Huether, 1994). The purpose of this literature review is to investigate research dealing with the subject of increased serum iron levels and the prevalence of CAD. Medical journals were primarily used for research data due to the nature of the subject and the need for in-depth analysis. While it has the highest prevalence of any disease, women experience only 30-50% of the coronary artery disease incidence and mortality of age-matched men (Meyers, 1996). Many feel that this may be due to the protective effect that estrogen has on the blood vessels of females. There may actually be a direct correlation to reduced serum iron levels due to menses. Whereas men " build-up" iron in the blood, women cleanse themselves of iron buildup on the monthly basis. Meyers (1996) also states that oxidation, the process in which an atom increases its positive charges (Miller and Keane, 1992), of low density lipoprotein cholesterol is important in atherosclerosis, and since oxidation is catalyzed by iron, it has been hypothesized that the lower iron stores of women reduce their risk of CAD through lessened lipid peroxide, a by-product of oxidation. Numerous studies have been conducted to actually see if a relationship between serum iron or serum transferrin, (serum iron concentration divided by total iron-binding capacity), and heart disease or myocardial infarction, (heart attacks) exists. Sempos and Looker, (1994) used a total of 4518 men and women to conduct the first study of its kind on the subject of iron and CAD. Frequent serum iron levels, collected from 1971-74, and followed up through 1987, showed the risk of CAD was not related to serum transferrin levels in white men or women. Indeed, an inverse association of total body iron stores and overall mortality was shown, that is moderate to high serum transferrin associated with lower mortality.